Previous models of the head and neck were unable to generate realistic moment generating capacities in all directions. Even scaling individual muscle strengths was not enough to get realistic moment generating capacity in all directions, because most neck muscles apply significant moment in multiple directions. Introducing hyoid muscles to the model begins to address this problem.

Please cite: Mortensen, J. D., Vasavada, A. N., & Merryweather, A. S. (2018). The inclusion of hyoid muscles improve moment generating capacity and dynamic simulations in musculoskeletal models of the head and neck. PloS one, 13(6), e0199912.